Modern political authority differs from ancient political authority,Concepts such as imamate, caliphate, etc. are linked to a specific concept of authority, a concept that differs greatly between ancient and modern political systems. Failure to take this into account in analysis and study leads to a major flaw in understanding the events of the time, past and present, etc.

  In the past, the concept of “biopolitics” was based on Aristotle and his definition of the human being as a political animal, different from the jungle animal in particular, politics, In another definition, man was considered a speaking animal, distinguished from the jungle animal in particular, speech, In any case, there is an integration between politics and speech, as each is necessary for the other, This duo has no relation to other organic bodily needs, such as water, food, and others.

   Some ancient authorities were characterized by being based on plunder, looting, exploitation and tyranny in general, with some variation between one ancient and another, However, things changed in the seventeenth century, Authority changed fundamentally, represented by a new tendency to strengthen the vital aspect of authority, i.e. the popular aspect, Authoritarianism no longer controlled the life of the individual in the old form, There were many reasons for all of this, which stemmed from the emergence of capitalism, which requires human productivity and thus mental and muscular efficiency, represented by “vital effort”, i.e. the work that capitalism needs in production, Therefore, the vital factor, i.e. vital effort, invaded the world of politics and authority,According to Aristotle, man was a speaking political animal, However, recently, politics has become a vital, interactive state between the ruler and the ruled, Rather, there is no longer a ruler and ruled, but rather a participation in managing the affairs of life,The essence of politics has become the vital human being and his interests and concerns, such that it can be said, with exaggeration, that the slave has turned into the master, Work through the vital human being has become a necessity for capital more than capital is a necessity for it.

The Greeks established the distinction between abstract biological life and political existence, that is, between the naturalness of life as it was in the Stone Age, and the political discourse that expresses the legal, legitimate existence of man, Man’s natural existence differs from the legal, political existence, in that the former is exclusionary of other humans and then subjugation of them, as is the case among nomadic tribes distinguished by their tendency to subjugate others after excluding them, which developed into a state of constant warfare between them, Legal, political existence is integrative, based on solidarity rather than discord, and on equality rather than the privileges of races and genders, The decline of legal, political existence led man to a life of stone and nomadism.

Where are the Arab peoples from the legal and legitimate human being? Even Aristotle’s theories failed to describe the condition of the Arabs, According to Aristotle, these human creatures must be speaking animals, but they do not speak, and they are not allowed to speak and practice the instinct of speech, and the instinct of speech is not allowed to express thoughts… Don’t ask!!! And they practiced obedience and submission to the ruler, According to Aristotle, our human creatures must be political animals, but these creatures have no knowledge of politics based on difference and thus producing creativity, Religion and sultans removed politics by imposing obedience and submission on people, then they removed speech and the instinct of speech from their lives, Thus, according to Aristotle and in accordance with the will of the sultans, the peoples were transformed into animals living in a zoo whose area is equal to the area of ​​the homelands, according to the definition of the poet Ahmed Al-Naimi, who was hanged because he spoke.

 Peoples remained silent, apolitical animals, as in the past, which represents the father and mother of this present, Where were these peoples when Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, and thousands of other Greek philosophers thought and wrote about the political human being, the speaking political animal, and the natural, instinctive human being in a language that seems like the language of today? Humanity inherited from the Greeks the concept of democracy and philosophy, which were the basis of the concepts of individual freedom, Who would believe that Aristotle is now almost 2,500 years old? He wrote books and volumes, along with a large number of Greek philosophers, They produced a civilization and philosophy that represented the infrastructure of current European civilization and human civilization in general, Along with the Greeks, the Romans presented the law that represents the most distinctive characteristics of the Roman spirit and the most enduring and lasting manifestations of this civilization, even the current European laws are called Roman laws, Rome was a model of order and law, and Greece is a model of freedom and democracy, especially individual freedom.

Where was the Bedouin when the Romans laid down the laws and wrote books about the state, which, if it wanted to survive, had to recognize the rights that bound its citizens to each other and to the state, which was described even in that era as a moral and legal entity (Cicero),, The law said, 1- The state and its law belong to the people collectively, and its authority emanates from the strength of the individuals collectively, 2- The use of force politically, that is, the proper legal use, is in fact the use of the strength of the people collectively (Max Weber’s theory of the state’s monopoly on violence, twentieth century), 3- The state is subject to the higher law that transcends human actions and worldly organizations.

If we compare the Bedouin situation 1400 years ago with the Roman-Hellenic situation 2000 to 2500 years ago, we would find terrible differences, The West inherited the Roman-Hellenic civilization, and we inherited the Bedouin civilization, When comparing us with them at the present time, we discover differences similar to the differences of the past, If we take a look at the issue of the emergence of civilizations, then the continuity and permanence of these civilizations, and use Ibn Khaldun and Toynbee, we would find that the status of civilization, in terms of emergence and continuity, is related to the duality of movement and stagnation, Bedouinism was not able to liberate itself from stagnation, and the Arab peoples are not able to liberate themselves from stagnation until now. Therefore, the ancient backwardness through inheritance has become modern, The Romans and Greeks knew nothing more than movement and openness, so they had a civilization that still has a positive impact on humanity. Where are the heirs of Bedouinism compared to the heirs of the Greeks and Romans now???